Published on : 03 November 20216 min reading time
The trinity of Carnatic Classical music
- Muthuswamy Deekshitar
- Thyagaraja Swamikal
- Shyama Sasthrikal
Music of India
The music of India is perhaps one of the oldest in the world. It is also a major system of music that is essentially melodic; and what is of great significance and interest is that it has retained this character to this day. This is in contrast to European culture, for example, where the early melodic has changed into the current harmonic music.
The social pattern of India today is the result of many ancient ones and the way of life on this land has been woven of fibres of different hues and textures. It is supposed that the Negrito races, the remnants of which are still with us were the most ancient in India. The Dravidians, Mongoloids and Aryans were later cultural incursions. And the music of India today shows this cultural admixture.
The tribal people in various parts of the country – the Pulayans, the Oraons, the Santals, the Savaras, the Chenchus, the Bhils and others – more or less isolated in pockets – have their own characteristic music and dance. This tribal music contributed a lot to the general mould of our music. The present day Indian music have two major systems – Northern Classical music (known as Hindustani Classical music) and the Southern Classical music (known as Karnatak Classical music). In general they have the same basis, being melodic and governed by rules of raga and tala structure. The Karnataka system is the art form of southern India (Kerala, Tamilnadu, Andhra and Karnataka). The rest of India follows the Hindustani system.
Raaga and Tala
In essence, a raga is a melodic scheme governed by certain traditional rules, but providing a great freedom for improvisation. These rules define and determine the notes Carnatic music styleof a scale that should be used, their order, prominent and necessary melodic idioms which give a particular ‘Colour’ to the scheme. Based on these more or less strict limitations, the musician is free to create and herein lies his genius. The raga has, of course, to be pleasing : “A raga is called by the learned that kind of sound composition which is adorned with musical notes in some peculiarly stationary, or ascending, or descending, or moving values, which have the effect of colouring the hearts of men”. The tala is a rhythmic arrangement of beats in a cyclic manner. Each cycle is complete in itself and it is repetitive. The cycle is divided into sections which may or may not be equal. It is formed by the addition of time units in a defined manner. But what is of real significance is the closed or cyclic arrangement. This is the essential difference between tala and rhythm. A degree of difference exists in the approach to raga formation in the Hindustani and Karnatak systems. And it would be worth discussing. It is commonly found that Hindustani raga-s have more than seven notes; not only so – two semitones are often juxtaposed.
North Indian music has also two interesting psychological attributes of raga. One is the ‘time’ theory and the other is the ‘dhyanamoorthi’. A Hindustani raga has also usually associated with it the time of the day. Every raga has been ascribed a watch of the day and no musician will sing or play it out of this temporal context. There are certain traditional empirical rules of the thumb, to determine the diurnal relations. It is usual here to attribute a particular season and time to raga-s; but seasonal connections are not so specific. Some of the more important examples are the raga-s Vasant and Malhar. The first is of the spring and the second is of the rains. There is a story of Tansen and how his life saved by Malhar. In Karanataka system raga-s like Boopalam, Mayamalava gaula are preferably rendered in the morning, there is nothing to prevent their being sung at other times of the day. Perhaps, the time restriction is stricter in one or two cases like Boopalam. For a south Indian musician has a wide choice of raga-s for a concert. For a north Indian musician the choice become restricted. Urbanization has cut both the artiste and the audience of these two music systems off from direct contact with nature.
The swara structure of Indian classical music
The seventy two melakarta-s (parent scales) are now given. Some salient points may be noted:
[1] The names of the mela are not those as given by Venkatamakhi(17th century), but those which have become popular.
[2]The names are those of the mela and not a raga, in all cases.
[3]The seventy – two are divided into twelve groups of six mela-s each. Each such group is called a chakra and has a specific name.
[4]Within a chakra, the lower tetra chord is the same, but the upper one varies.
[5]The second half of the series is almost a ‘mirror reflection’ of the first half, only ma (F#) takes place of Ma(F). That is, mela No.1 and mela No.37 are the same, save the madhyama(the fourth).
Similarly, Nos.2 and 38, Nos.3 and 39, and so on in seriatum.
The list of seventy two melakarta-s
1.Kanakangi
2.Ratnangi
3.Ganamoorty
4.Vanaspati
5.Manavati
6.Tanaroopi
7.Senavati
8.Hanumattodi
9.Dhenuka
10.Natakapriya
11.Kokilapriya
12.Roopavati
13.Gayakapriya
14.Vekulabharanam
15.Mayamalavagaulam
16.Chakravakam
17.Sooryakantam
18.Hatakambari
19.Jhankaradhvani
20.Natabhairavi
21.Keeravani
22.Kharaharapriya
23.Gourimanohari
24.Varunapriya 25.Mararanjani
26.Charukesi
27.Sarasangi
28.Harikhamboji
29.Dheerasakarabharam
30.Naganandini
31.Yagapriya
32.Ragavardhini
33.Gangeyabhooshani
34.Vagadheesvari
35.Soolini
36.Chalanata
37.Salagam
38.Jajarnavam
39.Jhalavarali
40.Navaneetam
41.Pavani
42.Raghupriya
43.Gavambhodhi
44.Bhavapriya
45.Subhapantuvarali
46.Shadvidhamargini
47.Suvarnangi
48.Divyamani 49.Dhavalambari
50.Namanarayani
51.Kamavardhini
52.Ramapriya
53.Gamanasrama
54.Visvambari
55.Syamalamgi
56.Shanmukhapriya
57.Simhendramadhyamam
58.Hemavati
59.Dharmavati
60.Neetimati
61.Kantamani
62.Rishabhapriya
63.Latangi
64.Vachaspati
65.Mechakalyani
66.Chitrambari
67.Sucharita
68.Jyotisvaroopini
69.Dhatuvardhini
70.Nasikabhooshani
71.Kosalam
72.Rasikapriya
Even the greatest of our composers have not created raga-s out of all the mela-s. But, in the last century Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer composed the music for a raga-malika (garland of raga-s)called the mela raga-malika with a song in every mela, following the above order exactly; a fine piece of musical craftsmanship. Even today musicians like Svami Parvatikar, in the north, are attempting, with a commendable degree of success, compositions not only in these parental scales but even in the derived ones.